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Handbook of Prevention and Treatment of the...

2020/2/6

Handbook of Prevention and Treatment of the Pneumonia Caused by the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV）

新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎防治知識手冊

Cyberspace Administration of TianjinWeDoctor Digital General HospitalWeDoctor Tianjin Digital HospitalJanuary 2020

Contents

Part I Pathogen Characteristics1. What are coronaviruses? 2. What are the physical and chemical characteristics of the coronavirus? 3. What are the coronaviruses that can infect people? 4. What is pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus? 5. What are the clinical manifestations of someone infected with a novel coronavirus? 6. Is there a vaccine for a novel coronavirus? 7. How to define whether a person is in close contact with the patients? 8. Why should close contacts be observed for 14 days? 9. If you are informed by the disease control department that you are a close contact, what should you do? 10. Can the novel coronavirus infection be treated?11. What are the basic coping strategies for severe cases of novel coronavirus infection?

Part II Epidemic Situation12. What is the current situation of epidemic evolution? 13. Why are confirmed cases increasing so quickly in just a few days? 14. What is the key to prevent and control the outbreak? 15. What is the most effective way to prevent and control the outbreak at present? 16. What is the infection source of novel coronavirus? 17. Can novel coronaviruses be transmitted from person to person? 18. By which ways will people be infected? 19. Will the novel coronavirus mutate?20. Will the novel coronavirus infection be as fierce as SARS?

Part III Prevention and Control Knowledge21. What are the main monitoring measures for pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus? 22. How to prevent the novel coronavirus infection? 23. What should be paid special attention to when coming into contact with animals? 24. When there are fever, cough, and other symptoms, do you have to go to the hospital?

Part I Pathogen Characteristics

1.     What are coronaviruses?
Coronavirus is a kind of virus widely existing in nature. It is the largest known RNA virus in the genome and is named coronavirus, as its form is similar to the crown under the electron microscope. Coronavirus only infects vertebrates and is related to many diseases of humans and animals. It can cause respiratory tract, digestive tract, and nervous system diseases of humans and animals.

2.   What are the physical and chemical characteristics of the coronavirus?
Coronavirus is sensitive to heat and can be effectively inactivated by 56 ℃ for 30 minutes, ethyl ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, and chloroform.

3.  What are the coronaviruses that can infect people?
So farI in addition to the new coronavirus, we have found six kinds of coronaviruses such like HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and MERS-CoV that can infect humans. Four of them are common in the population, with low pathogenicity, generally only causing mild respiratory symptoms similar to the common cold. The other two are well-known SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) coronaviruses and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) coronaviruses.

4.  What is the pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus?
Pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus was found in central China’s Wuhan City, Hubei Province in December 2019. It has been proved to be an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a new type of coronavirus. The new coronavirus is a new strain of coronavirus that has not yet been previously found in the human body. The World Health Organization named the coronavirus 2019-nCov, namely a new coronavirus.

5.  What are the clinical manifestations of someone infected with a novel coronavirus?
Fever, weakness and dry cough are the main manifestations. Nasal obstruction, runny nose and other upper respiratory symptoms are rare. About half of the patients develop dyspnea after one week, and the severe cases develop rapidly into ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), septic shock, difficult-to-tackle metabolic acidosis and bleeding and coagulation dysfunction. It should be noted that the course of severe and critical patients can be moderate to low fever or even no obvious fever. Some patients have mild onset symptoms. These patients may have no fever and recover after 1 week. Most patients have a good prognosis, while a few patients are in critical condition or even death.

6.  Is there a vaccine for a novel coronavirus?
There is no vaccine available for the new disease. It may take a long time to develop a new vaccine for it.

7.  How to define whether a person is in close contact with the patient?
Close contacts refer to people who live, study, work or have close contact with the case; medical staff, family members or other people who have similar close contact with the case without taking effective precautions when diagnosing, treating, nursing or visiting the case; other patients and caregivers in the same ward with the case; people who take the same vehicle with the case and have close contact with the case; and people who are evaluated as the qualified by the field investigators.

8.  Why should close contacts be observed for 14 days?
Referring to the incubation period of other diseases caused by coronaviruses, the new coronavirus case-related information, and current prevention and control practice, the medical observation period of close contacts was set as 14 days, and the close contacts should be observed at home.

9.  If you are informed by the disease control department that you are a close contact, what should you do?
You can carry out home medical observation as required. Don't be panic. Don't go out casually, and do a good job of observing your physical condition. Receive regular follow-up visits from doctors. In case of abnormal clinical manifestations such as fever and cough, report to local disease prevention and control institutions in time, and under their guidance, go to designated medical institutions for troubleshooting, diagnosis, and treatment, etc.

10.Can the novel coronavirus infection be treated?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released a clinical guideline for severe acute respiratory tract infection caused by suspected novel coronavirus infection. At present, there is no specific treatment for the disease caused by 2019-nCoV. But using the diagnosis and treatment launched by the National Health Commission, using some antiviral drugs to treat patients may have a certain effect. In addition, combined with the experience and lessons of SARS treatment, we can know that we could give play to the unique advantages of China's medical system by using the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine which may have important value. In addition, supplementary care for infected people may be very effective.

11.What are the basic coping strategies for severe cases of novel coronavirus infection?
Set up pre-examination triage, so that the patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) can be identified and classified; immediately implement the correct infection prevention and control measures (IPC); early support treatment and monitoring; collect clinical specimens for laboratory diagnosis; deal with hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); management of septic shock; prevention of complications; antiviral treatment; special precautions for pregnant patients.

文章來源：天津市互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息辦公室

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